![]() ( 1991) proposed an early–mid-Pliocene age for this formation based on the microfossil assemblages. The trace fossils ( Ophiomorpha, Skolithos and Diplocraterion and less common Teichichnus) are abundant and macroinvertebrates include thin-shelled bivalves ( Amusium cristatum, Aequipecten opercularis, Chlamys radians, Pecten benedictus, and Pecten jacobaeus), oysters, brachiopods ( Terebratulla), gastropods ( Turritella, conids and olivids) and irregular echinoids ( Schizaster and Clypeaster) (Sendra et al. In the central area of the basin, the fine grain lithofacies (mudstones, siltstones, and fine sandstones) are commonly massive but locally with cm-scale planar cross-stratification. In northern and western regions, the Cuevas Formation unconformably onlaps metamorphic basement at the basin margins. The thickness ranges from almost 200 m in the central part of the basin to less than 50 m in the northern margin. The Cuevas Formation is characterized by yellow–beige bioclastic sandstones (calcarenites) and conglomerates (pebbles and cobbles) in the northern margin of the basin that grade to blue–gray mud–siltstones, silty marls and fine sandstones in the central basin areas. The studied specimen was recovered in the northern margin of the Vera Basin and more exactly in the Cuevas Formation at the El Calguerín outcrop (coordinates 37° 18ʹ 04ʺ N, 1° 53ʹ 03ʺ W) close to the Cuevas del Almanzora locality, Almeria province. The Salmerón Formation represents the filling of the basin with continental alluvial-fan deposition. The Salmerón Formation (uppermost Pliocene and Quaternary) is constituted by reddish conglomerates, sands, and red silts with calcretes. The Espiritu Santo Formation (middle to upper Pliocene) consists of coarse sand and conglomerates in the margins of the basin that range to medium and fine sands and limestones in distal areas. The Cuevas Formation (lower Pliocene) is constituted by medium to coarse bioclastic sands (calcarenites) with conglomerate layers in the proximal areas that change into fine sands and silts in the center of the basin. Völk ( 1967) differentiated three formations: Cuevas Formation (lower Pliocene), Espiritu Santo Formation (middle to upper Pliocene), and Salmerón Formation (uppermost Pliocene and Quaternary). The studied remains are related to the sediments of a delta system that evolved to alluvial fan, developed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (Stokes 2008 Sendra et al. The Vera Basin is filled by marine and transitional deposits from the Burdigalian to Holocene. ![]() Accordingly, a first attempt to build up a new biochronological and paleobiogeographic framework of the Pliocene rhinocerotine species in Spain is reported. The discovery of new rhinoceros remains from the early Pliocene of the Vera Basin (Southeast Spain), here described for the first time, raises the opportunity to revise the Pliocene Spanish rhinocerotine records. 2006), still need to be confirmed or discarded. megarhinus (Guérin 1980 Cerdeño 1992), as well as the persistence of the Miocene Dihoplus schleiermacheri (Montoya et al. The systematic attribution of these specimens is controversial, and the occurrence of some species such as S. In the Iberian Peninsula, Spain in particular, the Pliocene rhinocerotine record is relatively scarce, and the material is usually represented by isolated remains. The biochronological and geographic ranges of these taxa are far to be completely investigated and several records need to be deeply revised. 1969 Guérin 1972, 1980 Vekua 1972 Guérin and Santafé-Llopis 1978 Cerdeño 1992 Lacombat and Mörs 2008 Guérin and Tsoukala 2013 Pandolfi et al. ![]() miguelcrusafonti, Stephanorhinus etruscus and S. 2020).ĭuring that time, only four taxa are recorded in Europe: Pliorhinus megarhinus, P. 2020), Pliocene rhinocerotine record is still poorly understood in respect to Miocene one, being usually documented by few localities and scanty remains (Pandolfi et al. ![]() ![]() Although the family Rhinocerotidae was widely distributed in Eurasia during the Neogene (Geraads et al. ![]()
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